This article was originally published at The Conversation. The publication contributed the article to Space.com’s Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.
Daniel Brown, Lecturer in Astronomy, Nottingham Trent University
The color of 2022 will be “bright skies,” according to paint manufacturer Dulux.
This mellow light blue may certainly seem familiar. Depending on where and at what time of the day you look at the sky, you might well expect to catch a glimpse of a similar color.
Yet take the time to watch the sky from the horizon to the expanse above your head, during all weathers and from dawn to nighttime, and of course you’ll see that it is filled with many colors. Over hundreds of years, physicists have worked to understand why the sky holds so many shades, from a myriad blues to red and even green. Here’s what we’ve learned, and what to look out for while contemplating “bright skies” and immersing yourself in skywatching.
Related: ‘Ring of fire’ solar eclipse wows skywatchers (Photos)
The sun‘s light is made up of different electromagnetic waves, and their various wavelengths are associated with a different color. Shorter waves are seen as blue, slightly longer waves as yellow, and even longer as red.
When these waves are seen together they look white. But this light has to travel through our atmosphere before it gets to our eyes, and atmospheric molecules are much smaller than the wavelength of the sun’s light. As the light hits these molecules, they scatter it in all different directions. This effect is called Rayleigh scattering.
In this process, more of the bluer light, which has shorter wavelengths, is scattered, resulting in the sky becoming blue wherever you look. Meanwhile, the sun becomes more yellow looking since the light from it is now missing those longer blue wavelengths.
Adding white
But the daytime sky isn’t the same blue all over. You’re more likely to find the Dulux bright skies color closer to the horizon, where the blue is more washed out or lighter.
This is the impact of Mie scattering, which is a similar process as Rayleigh scattering but caused by larger particles (such as water vapor or fine pollution particles in little droplets). These types of particles remove the red, yellow and blue color components from a white light beam in equal measures and do not alter the color of the light passing through the atmosphere or being scattered back to an observer. This leads to the sky turning whiter in addition to the blue caused by Rayleigh scattering.
The influence of white within the blue of the sky becomes stronger towards the horizon where the light has to pass through much more of Earth’s atmosphere to arrive at the observer. The various tones and shades of blue observed become nature’s visualization of what the atmosphere is currently composed of. The whiter it appears, the more extra particles are present.
A tool to measure just how many particles are suspended in the sky was developed by Horace Bénédict de Saussure, an 18th-century Swiss geologist and alpine explorer. Called a cyanometer, it is a color wheel featuring 53 different colors for the observer to compare to the sky.
Ozone blue at twilight
If you skywatch at dusk, you’ll see a brilliant display of color that captures intense red tones especially close to the direction of the setting sun. Since the sun’s evening light travels through much more of our atmosphere than when the sun is higher in the sky, by the time it reaches us it has lost much of its blue component through Rayleigh scattering. If aerosols are present higher up in the atmosphere — for example caused by volcanic eruptions — this can become far more extended and colorful.
Once the sun is below the horizon, you will see a strong blue color in the sky again. This cannot fully be explained by Rayleigh or Mie scattering. Instead, this is due to the presence of ozone (a colorless or pale blue gas), which does not scatter the light but absorbs it and breaks it apart.
Its impact is only noticeable when the rays of the sun have to pass through even more atmosphere to reach us (like when it travels from beyond the horizon). The ozone then strongly absorbs red and orange light, making the small amount of light we see in the twilight sky blue.
Red and blue-green night
Venture out at night in a place free of light pollution and its orange sky glow and you might notice that, despite the lack of sunlight, the nighttime sky is not black at all. Instead, we can sometimes observe what is called air glow, which is our own atmosphere radiating a faint light. This is caused by atoms — mainly oxygen and nitrogen — forming molecules at an altitude of 60 to 190 miles (100 to 300 kilometers).
This glow is always present but usually too faint to see. But it contributes to the sky turning a very dark red or blue-green color. You can capture it with cameras that are more sensitive than the eye. But at low light levels, our eyes lose their color vision and merely see a grey blackness.
In these ways, the colors of the sky show us ways light can interact with our atmosphere. And through this science, we’ve even learnt how to recognize and explore signs of life in the skies of planets beyond our solar system (exo-planets) by analyzing the light from them. Traces of an atmosphere were first measured in 2001 for the exoplanet HD 209458 b — sometimes called Osiris — in the constellation of Pegasus. In 2019, scientists even discovered traces of water in the atmosphere of an exoplanet (K2-18 b) that has temperatures that could support life as we know it.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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