Using NASA’s first two-way, end-to-end laser relay system, pictures and videos of cherished pets flew through space over laser communications links at a rate of 1.2 gigabits per second — faster than most home internet speeds.

NASA astronauts Randy Bresnik, Christina Koch, and Kjell Lindgren, along with other agency employees, submitted photos and videos of their pets to take a trip to and from the International Space Station.

The transmissions allowed NASA’s SCaN (Space Communications and Navigation) program to showcase the power of laser communications while simultaneously testing out a new networking technique.

“The pet imagery campaign has been rewarding on multiple fronts for the ILLUMA-T, LCRD, and HDTN teams,” said Kevin Coggins, deputy associate administrator and SCaN program manager at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “Not only have they demonstrated how these technologies can play an essential role in enabling NASA’s future science and exploration missions, it also provided a fun opportunity for the teams to “picture” their pets assisting with this innovative demonstration.”

NASA sends pet photos and videos to space over laser links during a May 2024 demonstration.

NASA/Dave Ryan

This demonstration was inspired by “Taters the Cat” — an orange cat whose video was transmitted 19 million miles over laser links to the DSOC (Deep Space Optical Communications) payload on the Psyche mission. LCRD, DSOC, and ILLUMA-T are three of NASA’s ongoing laser communications demonstrations to prove out the technology’s viability.

The images and videos started on a computer at a mission operations center in Las Cruces, New Mexico. From there, NASA routed the data to optical ground stations in California and Hawaii. Teams modulated the data onto infrared light signals, or lasers, and sent the signals to NASA’s LCRD (Laser Communications Relay Demonstration) located 22,000 miles above Earth in geosynchronous orbit. LCRD then relayed the data to ILLUMA-T (Integrated LCRD Low Earth Orbit User Modem and Amplifier Terminal), a payload currently mounted on the outside of the space station.

The backgrounds shows a view of Earth from space with sparkling lights across the Erath's surface. We see an image of the International Space Station sending a red laser signal to the LCRD spacecraft, which then connects down to Earth. Twelve photos of cats and dogs are placed across the red laser signal, representing the data sent through space during this demo.

A collage of the pet photos sent over laser links from Earth to LCRD (Laser Communications Relay Demonstration) to ILLUMA-T (Integrated LCRD Low Earth Orbit User Modem and Amplifier Terminal) on the space station. Animals submitted include cats, dogs, birds, chickens, cows, snakes, pigs, and more.

NASA/Dave Ryan

Since the beginning of space exploration, NASA missions have relied on radio frequency communications to send data to and from space. Laser communications, also known as optical communications, employ infrared light instead of radio waves to send and receive information.

While both infrared and radio travel at the speed of light, infrared light can transfer more data in a single link, making it more efficient for science data transfer. This is due to infrared light’s tighter wavelength, which can pack more information onto a signal than radio communications.

A quad like graphic showing the Benefits of Laser Communications. In order: Efficient, Lighter, Secure, Flexible.

The benefits of laser communications: more efficient, lighter systems, increased security, and more flexible ground systems.

NASA/Dave Ryan

This demonstration also allowed NASA to test out another networking technique. When data is transmitted across thousands and even millions of miles in space, the delay and potential for disruption or data loss is significant. To overcome this, NASA developed a suite of communications networking protocols called Delay / Disruption Tolerant Networking, or DTN. The “store-and-forward” process used by DTN allows data to be forwarded as it is received or stored for future transmission if signals become disrupted in space.

To enable DTN at higher data rates, a team at NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland developed an advanced implementation, HDTN (High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking). This networking technology acts as a high-speed path for moving data between spacecraft and across communication systems, enabling data transfer at a speed of up to four times faster than current DTN technology — allowing high-speed laser communication systems to utilize the “store-and-forward” capability of DTN.

The HDTN implementation aggregates data from a variety of different sources, like discoveries from the scientific instrumentation on the space station, and prepares the data for transmission back to Earth. For the pet photo and video experiment, the content was routed using DTN protocols as they traveled from Earth to LCRD, to ILLUMA-T on the space station. Once they arrived, an onboard HDTN payload demonstrated its ability to receive and reassemble the data into files.

Artistic rendering. NASA’s Laser Communications Relay Demonstration, or LCRD, is shown floating in a blue starry space scene on the right side of the image, while the Earth is shown in the distance on the left. LCRD is surrounded by three spacecraft and two ground stations on Earth. Communications beams are connecting LCRD to the surrounding spacecraft and ground stations. Red beams connect LCRD to the Gateway, the International Space Station, and an optical ground station on Earth. Blue beams connect LCRD to a science mission spacecraft, the International Space Station, and a radio frequency ground station on Earth. The Moon is visible in the top left corner of the image.

A graphical representation of NASA communicating in space using High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking.

NASA/Morgan Johnson

This optimized implementation of DTN technology aims to enable a variety of communications services for NASA, from improving security through encryption and authentication to providing network routing of 4K high-definition multimedia and more. All of these capabilities are being tested on the space station with ILLUMA-T and LCRD.

As NASA’s Artemis campaign prepares to establish a sustainable presence on and around the Moon, SCaN will continue to develop ground-breaking communications technology to bring the scalability, reliability, and performance of the Earth-based internet to space.

To learn more about laser communications, visit https://go.nasa.gov/4az2ptB. To learn more about HDTN technology, visit https://go.nasa.gov/43VuV6n.

ILLUMA-T, LCRD, and HDTN are funded by NASA’s Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program at NASA Headquarters in Washington. LCRD and ILLUMA-T are managed by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The HDTN project is managed by NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland. The space station network is managed by NASA’s Johnson Space Center and NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center.

By Katherine Schauer (NASA Goddard) and Molly Kearns (NASA Glenn)